Technology and Japanese Strategy: The Prewar Period

 

<Topics> Modernization; Industrialization; Technology Policy; Science Policy; Foreign Policy; Grand Strategy; Technological and Economic Development; The Sino-Japanese Rivalry; the Sino-Japanese War; The Second World War; Technology and Military; Technological Trajectory

 

 

Allen, G. C., A Short Economic History of Modern Japan (London: Macmillan, 1981)

 

Alvares, Claude, Homo Faber: Technology and Culture in India, China and the West from 1500 to the Present Day (The Hague, 1980)

 

Arnason, Johann, APaths to Modernity: The Peculiarities of Japanese Feudalism,@ in McCormack, Gavan & Yoshio Sugimoto (eds.), The Japanese Trajectory: Modernization and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988)

 

Baark, Erik & Andrew Jamison (eds.), Technological Development in China, India and Japan (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986) esp. ch.2

 

Barnhart, Michael A., Japan Prepares for Total War: the  Search  for Economic Security, 1919‑1941 (Ithaca: Cornell University  Press, 1987)

 

Bartholomew, James R., "Japanese Culture and the Problem of Modern Science," in Everett Mendelsohn & Arnold Thackray, (eds.), Science and Values (New York: Humanities Press, 1974)

 

Bartholomew, James R., "The Japanese Scientific Community in Formation," Journal of East Asian Affairs, 5 (1980)

 

Bartholomew, James R., "Why Was There No Scientific Revolution in Tokugawa Japan?" Japanese Studies in the History of Science, 15 (1976)

 

Bartholomew, James R., "The `Feudalistic' Legacy of Japanese Science," Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, 6(4), (June, 1985)

 

Bartholomew, James R., The Formation of Science in Modern Japan: Building a Research Tradition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989)

 

Bartholomew, James R., "Modern Science in Japan: Comparative Perspectives," Journal of  World History, 4(1) (1993)

 

Beasley, W.G., The Modern History of Japan (New York: Praeger, 1973)

 

Beckmann, George M., The Modernization of China and Japan (New York: Harper & Row, 1962) ch.10-12, ch.15-18

 

Befu, Harumi, ANationalism and Nihonjinron,@  in Harumi Befu, (ed.), Cultural Nationalism in East Asia: Representation and Identity, (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1993)

 

Biggerstaff, K., The Earliest Modern Government Schools in China (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1961)

 

Blumental, Tuvia, "The Japanese Shipbuilding Industry," in Hugh Patrick (ed.), Japanese Industrialization and Its Social Consequences (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976)

 

Brown, Richard Harvey, Culture, Politics, and Economic Growth: Experiences in East Asia, (1994), ch.1 and 10

 

Brown, Sidney Devere, "Okubo Toshimichi: His Political and Economic Policies in Early Meiji Japan," Journal of Asian Studies, 21 (February, 1962) pp.183-97

 

Buck, James H. (ed.), The Modern Japanese Military System (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1975)

 

Burkman, Thomas W., ANitobo Inazo: From World Order to Regional Order,@ in Rimer, J. Thomas, (eds.), Culture and identity: Japanese Intellectuals During the Interwar Years, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990)

 

Buus, Claude Albert, Asia in the Modern World: A History of  China, Japan, South and Southeast Asia (New York: Macmillian, 1964)

 

Cameron, Meribeth Elliott, China, Japan and the Powers (New York: Ronald Press, 1952)

 

Carlson, Ellsworth C., The Kaiping Mines, 1877-1912: A Case Study of Early Chinese Industrialization (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University, 1957)

 

Carpenter, Dorr, & Norman Polmar, Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1986)

 

Ch'en, Jerome, China and the West: Society and Culture, 1815-1937 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979)

 

Chen, Cheng-Yin (ed.), Science and Technology in Chinese Civilization (Singapore: World Scientific, 1987)

 

Chida, Tomohei & Oeter N. Davies, The Japanese Shipping and Shipbuilding Industries: A History of their Modern Growth (London: The Athlone Press, 1990) ch.1

 

Chu, Samuels C. & Kwang-Ching Liu (eds.), Li Hung-chang and China's Early Modernization (New York: Am East Gate Book, 1994) esp. ch.1, 10, 12 & 13

 

Chu, Samuels C., "China's Attitudes toward Japan at the Time of the Sino-Japanese War," in Iriye, Akira (ed.), The Chinese and the Japanese: Essays in Political and Cultural Interactions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980) ch.4

 

Chu, Samuel C., Reformer in Modern China: Chang Chien, 1853-1926 (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1965)

 

Cohen, "The Strategy of Innocence?: The United States, 1920-1945,"  in Williamson Murray, et al. (eds.), The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994)

 

Conroy, Hilary & Harry Wray (eds.), Pearl Harbor  Reexamined:  Prologue to the Pacific War (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990)

 

Cowan, C. D. (ed.), The Economic Development of China and Japan: Studies in Economic History and Political Economy (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964)

 

Crowley, James, Japan's China Policy, 1931-1938: A Study of the Role of the Military in the Determination (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1960)

 

Crowley, James, Japan's Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930-1938 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966)

 

Crowley, "A New Deal for Japan and Asia: On Road to Pearl Harbor," in James B. Crowley (ed.), Modern East Asia: Essays in Interpretation (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1970)

 

Crowley, James B. (ed.), Modern East Asia: Essays in Interpretation (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1970)

 

Cusumano, Michael A., "`Scientific Industry': Strategy, Technology, and Entrepreneurship in Prewar Japan," in William S. Wray (ed.), Managing Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge: Harvard University, Council on East Asian Studies, 1989)

 

Dower, John W., "The Useful War," Showa: The japan of Hirohito, Daedalus, 119 (Summer, 1990) pp.49-70

 

Dower, John W., Empire and Aftermath: Yoshida and the Japanese Experience, 1878-1954 (Cambridge: Harvard University Council on East Asian Studies, 1979)

 

Dower, John W. (ed.), Origins of the Modern Japanese State: Selected Writings of E. H. Norman (New York: Pantheon, 1975) ch.4 "Early Industrialization"

 

Duus, Peter, The Rise  of  Modern  Japan (Boston:  Houghton  Mifflin, 1976)

 

Duus, Peter, Ramon H. Myers, and Mark R. Peattie (eds.), The Japanese Informal Empire in China, 1895‑1937 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989)

 

Emi, Koichi, Government Fiscal Activity and Economic Growth in Japan, 1868‑1960 (Tokyo: Kinokuniya Bookstore, 1963)

 

Fairbank, John K. (ed.), The Chinese World Order (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968)

 

Feuerwerker, Albert, China's Early Industrialization: Sheng Hsuan-huai (1844-1916) and Mandarin Enterprise (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1958)

 

Feuerwerker, Albert, "China's Nineteenth Century Industrialization: the Case of the Hanyehping Coal and Iron Company Limited," in Cowan, C. D. (ed.), The Economic development of China and Japan: Studies in Economic History and Political Economy (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964) ch.3

 

Friedman, George & Meredith Lebard, The Coming War with Japan (New York: St. Marin's Press, 1991)

 

Frost, Peter K., China and Japan in the Modern World (Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., 1973)

 

Fu, Charles Wei-hsun, and Steven Heine, (eds.), Japan in Traditional and Postmodern Perspectives, (Albany: SUNY Press, 1995)

 

Fujitani, Takashi, AInventing, Forgetting, Remembering: Toward a Historical Ethnography of the Nation-State,@ in Harumi Befu, (ed.), Cultural Nationalism in East Asia: Representation and Identity, (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1993)

 

Fukasaku, Yukiko, Technology and Industrial Development in Pre‑War Japan: Mitsubishi Nagasaki Shipyard, 1884‑1934 (London:  Routledge, 1992)

 

Fukui, Haruhiro, "The Japanese State and Economic Development:  A Profile of a Nationalist‑Paternalist Capitalist State," in Richard P. Appelbaum & Jeffrey  Henderson (eds.), States and Development in The Asian Pacific Rim (Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1992) ch.8

 

Gluck, Carol, Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period (Princeton: Princeton University press, 1985)

 

Gong, Gerrit W., "China's Entry into International Society," in Hedley Bull & Adam Waston (eds.), The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984) ch.11

 

Hacker, Barto, "The Weapons of the West: Military Technology and Modernization in Nineteenth Century China & Japan," Technology & Culture 18 (Jan. 1977)

 

Hackett, Roger F., Yamagata Arotomo in the Rise of Modern Japan, 1838-1922 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971)

 

Hackett, Roger F., "The Meiji Leaders and Modernization: The Case of Yamagata Aritomo," in Jansen  Marius  B. (ed.), Changing Japanese Attitudes Toward Modernization (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965)

 

Hall, John W., Nagahara Keiji & Kozo Yamamura, Japan before Tokugawa: Political Consolidation and Economic Growth 1500 to 1650 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981)

 

Hall, John W., Japan: From Prehistory to Modern Times (New York:  Dell Publishing Co., 1970)

 

Hashikawa, Hunso, "Japanese Perspectives on Asia: From Dissociation to Coprosperity," in Akira Iriye (ed.), The Chinese and the Japanese: Essays in Political and Cultural Interactions (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1980)

 

Hayashi, Takeshi, The Japanese Experience in Technology: From Transfer to Self-Reliance (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1990)

 

Henny, Sue & Jean‑Pierre Lehmann (eds.), Themes and Theories in Modern Japanese History: Essays in Memory of Richard Story (London: The Athlone Press, 1988)

 

Holzner, Burkart, Donald T. Capbell, & Muhammad Shidullah, "Introduction: The Comparative Study of Science and the Sociology of Scientific Validity," Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, 6(4), (June, 1985)

 

Howe, Christopher, The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1996)

 

Hsu, Immanuel  C. Y., China's Entrance into the Family of Nations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960)

 

Hui, Wang, AThe Fate of >Mr. Science= in China: The Concept of Science and its Application in Modern Chinese Thought,@ in Tani E. Barlow, (ed.), Formations of Colonial Modernity in East Asia, (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1997)

 

Ike, Nobutaka, "War and Modernization," in Robert E. Ward (ed.), Political Development in Modern Japan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968)

 

Iriye, Akira, China and Japan in the Global Setting (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992) ch.1 "Power"

 

Iriye, Akira, "The Failure of Military Expansionism," in Johns  William Morley (ed.), Dilemmas of Growth in Prewar Japan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971)

 

Iriye, Akira, The Origins of the Second  World  War  in  Asia  and  the Pacific (London: Longman, 1987)

 

Jansen, Marius B., "Modernization and Foreign Policy in Meiji  Japan,"  in Robert E. Ward (ed.), Political Development in  Modern  Japan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968)

 

Jansen  Marius  B. (ed.), Changing Japanese Attitudes Toward Modernization (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965) ch.1.2

 

Jansen, Marius B., Japan  and  its  World:  Two  Centuries  of  Change (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980)

 

Jansen Marius B. (ed.), Changing Japanese Attitudes Toward Modernization (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965) ch.1.2

 

Jansen, Marius, Japan and China: from War to Peace, 1894‑1972 (Chicago, 1975)

 

Johnson, Chalmers, "The State and Japanese Grand Strategy," in Richard Rosecrance & Arthur A. Stein (eds.), The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993)

 

Kakler, Miles, "External Ambition and Economic Performance," World Politics, 40(4), pp.419-51

 

Kamachi, Noriko, "The Chinese in Meiji Japan: Their Interaction with the Japanese before the Sino-Japanese War," in Iriye, Akira (ed.), The Chinese and the Japanese: Essays in Political and Cultural Interactions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980) ch.3

 

Kasza, Gregory, "Fascism from Above?: Japan's Kakushin Right in Comparative Perspective," Research paper, (1994)

 

Kasza, Gregory James, The State and the Mass Media in Japan, 1918‑1945, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988)

 

Kasza, Gregory James,  The  Conscription  Society:  Administered  Mass Organizations (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995)

 

Keen, Donald, "The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 and Its Cultural Effects in Japan," in Shively, Donald H. (ed.) Tradition and Modernization in  Japanese Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971) ch.4

 

Keene, Donald, The Japanese Discovery of Europe, 1720‑1830  (Stanford, CA: Stanford University             Press, 1969)

 

Kelley, Allen C. & Jeffrey G. Williamson, Lessons from Japanese Development (London and Chicago, 1974)

 

Kennedy, Thomas L., "Self-Strengthening: An Analysis Based on Some Recent Writings," A Bulletin Issued Regularly by the Society for Ch'ing Studies (Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i), 3(1) (November 1974) pp.3-35

 

Kennedy, Thomas L., Arms of Kiangnan: Modernization in the Chinese Ordnance Industry, 1860-1895 (Boulder, Colo: 1978)

 

Kim, K. H., Japanese Perspective on  China's  Early  Modernization:  A Bibliographical Survey (Ann Arbor: Center for  Chinese  Studies,  the University of Michigan, 1974)

 

Kitaoka, Shinichi,  "Diplomacy  and  the  Military  in  Showa  Japan," Daedalus, 119(3), (Summer, 1990)

 

Klein, L. & K. Ohkawa (eds.), Economic Growth: the Japanese Experience Since the Meiji Era (Homewood, Il: Richard D. Irwin, 1968)

 

Kudo, Akira, AThe Tripartite Pact and Synthetic Oil: The Ideal and Reality of Economic and Technical Cooperation between Japan and Germany,@ Annals of the Institute of Social Science, 33, (1991)

 

Kuno, Yoshi Saburo, Japanese Expansion on the Asiatic  Continent: A Study in the History of Japan with Special Reference to her International Relations with China, Korea, and Russia (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1967)

 

Kuo, Ting-Yee & Kwang-Chng Liu, "Self-Strengthening: The Pursuit of Western Technology," in John K. Fairbank (ed.), The Cambridge History of China, vol.10 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978) ch.10

 

Kupchan, Charles A., The Vulnerability of Empire, (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1994) ch.5 Japan

 

Kuyama, Yasushi & Nobuo Kobayashi (eds.), Modernization and  Tradition in Japan  (Nishinomiya: International Institute for Japan Studies, 1969)

 

Lee, Jung Bock, "The Political History of the Japanese Press," The Journal of Japan Studies, 1 (1979)

 

Leibo, Steven, Transferring Technology to China: Prosper Giguel and the Self-strengthening Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985)

 

Liu, Kwang-Ching, "British-Chinese Steamship Rivalry in China," in Cowan, C. D. (ed.), The Economic development of China and Japan: Studies in Economic History and Political Economy (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964) ch.2

 

Liu, Kwang-Ching & Richard J. Smith, "The Military Challenge: The North-West and the Coast," in John K. Fairbank & Kwang-Ching Liu (ed.), The Cambridge History of China, vol.11 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978) ch.4

 

Liu, Kwang-Ching, "The Ch'ing Restoration," in John K. Fairbank (ed.), The Cambridge History of China, vol.10 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978) ch.9

 

Lockwood, William W., The Economic Development of Japan: Growth and Structural Change, 1868‑1938 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1954)

 

Lockwood, William W. (ed.), The State and Economic Enterprise in Japan: Essays in the Political Economy of Growth (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965)

 

Low, Morris Fraser, AJapan=s Secret War? >Instant= Scientific Manpower and Japan=s World War II Atomic Bomb Project,@ Annals of Science, 47 (1990)

 

MaKeown, Robin James, Modernization in Japan (San Francisco: Field Educational  Publication, 1969)

 

Marshell, Byron K., Capitalism and Nationalism in Prewar Japan: The Ideology of the Business Elite, 1868-1941 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967)

 

Marshell, Byron K., Learning to be Modern: Japanese Political Discourse on Education, (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994)

 

Maruyama, Masao, Thought and Behavior in Modern Japanese Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963)

 

Marwah, Onkar and Jonathan Pollack, (eds.), Military Power and Policy in Asian States: China, India, Japan (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1980)

 

Maslowski, Peter, "To the Edge of Greatness: The United States, 1783-1865," in Williamson Murray, et al. (eds.), The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994)

 

Mason, Mark, American Multinationals and Japan: The Political Economy of Japanese Capital Controls, 1899‑1980 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992)

 

Matthews, Ron, "Technological Dynamism in India and China: The Case of Machine-Tool Manufacturing," in Baark, Erik & Andrew Jamison (eds.), Technological Development in  China, India and Japan (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986) ch.5

 

McCormack, Gavan & Yoshio Sugimoto (eds.), The Japanese Trajectory: Modernization and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988)

 

Minami, Ryohin & Fumio Makino, "Introduction, Adaptation, and Diffusion of Modern Technology in Prewar Japan: The Case of Power Looms," in Heertje, Arnold & Mark Perlman (eds.), Evolving Technology and Market Structure: Studies in Schumpeterian Economics (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1990)

 

Mitani, Taichiro, "Japan's International Finances and World Politics, 1904-1931," Proceedings of  the British Association for Japanese Studies, 5 pt.1 (1980)

 

Miwa, Kimitada, AJapanese Policies and Concepts for a Regional Order in Asia, 1938-1940,@ in James W. White, Michio Umegaki, and Thomas R.H. Havens, (eds.), The Ambivalence of Nationalism: Modern Japan between East and West, (Lanham: University Press of America, 1990)

 

Moody, Peter R., Tradition and Modernization in China and Japan (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1995) ch.5

 

Morley, James William (ed.), Dilemmas of Growth in Prewar Japan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971)

 

Morris‑Suzuki, Tessa, "Sericulture and the Origins of Japanese Industrialization," Technology and Culture, 33(1), (January, 1992)

 

Moulder, Frances V., Japan, China, and the Modern World  Economy: Toward a Reinterpretation of East Asian Development ca. 1600 to ca. 1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977)

 

Najita, Tetsuo & J. Victor Koschmann (eds.), Conflict in Modern Japanese History: The Neglected Tradition (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982)

 

Nakamura, Takafusa, Economic Growth in Prewar Japan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983)

 

Nakane, Chie & Shinzaburo Oishi (eds.), Tokugawa Japan: The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan (Tokyo: University  of Tokyo Press, 1990)

 

Nakayama, Ichiro, Industrialization of Japan (Tokyo: Center for East Asian Cultural Studies, 1964)

 

Nakayama, Shigeru, Academic and Scientific Traditions in China, Japan, and the West (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1974)

 

Nakayama, Shigeru & Nathan Sivin, (eds.), Chinese Science: Explorations of an Ancient Tradition (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1973)

 

Nakayama, Shigeru, David L. Swain & Eri Yagi, (eds.), Science and Society in Modern Japan: Selected Historical Sources (University of Tokyo Press, 1974)

 

Nakayama, Shigeru, Science, Technology, and Society in Postwar Japan (London: Routledge, 1991)

 

Nakayama, Shigeru, "Science and Technology in Modern Japanese Economic Development," in William Beranek Jr. & Gustav Ranis, (eds.), Science, Technology and Economic Growth: A Historical and Comparative Study (New York: Praeger, 1978)

 

Nakayama, Shigeru, "Japanese Scientific Thought," in C.C. Gillespie, (ed.), Discovery of Scientific Biography, Vol.15, suppl. I (New York: Scribner's, 1978)

 

Nakayama, Shigeru, Characteristics of Scientific Development in Japan (New Delhi: The Center for the Study of Science, Technology and Development, 1977)

 

Needham, Joseph, The Development of Iron and Steel Technology in China (Cambridge, England: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd., 1964)

 

Neehdam, Joseph, Science and Civilization in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

 

Neumann, William L., America Encounters Japan: From Perry to  MacArther (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1963)

 

Ninami, Ryoshin, Power Revolution in the Industrialization of Japan: 1885‑1940 (Tokyo: Kinokuniya Company LTD., 1987)

 

Nozomo, Kawamura, AThe Concept of Modernization Re-examined from the Japanese Experience,@ in McCormack, Gavan & Yoshio Sugimoto (eds.), The Japanese Trajectory: Modernization and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988)

 

Oh, Bonnie B., "Sino-Japanese Rivalry in Korea, 1876-1885," in Iriye, Akira (ed.), The Chinese and the Japanese: Essays in Political and Cultural Interactions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980) ch.2

 

Offner, Arnold A., The Origins of the Second World War: American Foreign Policy and World Politics, 1917-1941 (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975)

 

Patrick, Hugh (ed.), Japanese Industrialization and Its Social Consequences (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976)

 

Pauer, Erich, Japan's War Economy, (London: Loutledge, 1999)

 

Peattie. Mark R., AForecasting a Pacific War, 1912-1933: The Idea of a Conditional Japanese Victory,@ in James W. White, Michio Umegaki, and Thomas R.H. Havens, (eds.), The Ambivalence of Nationalism: Modern Japan between East and West, (Lanham: University Press of America, 1990)

 

Perrin, Noel, Giving Up the Gun: Japan's Reversion to the Sword, 1543-1879 (Boston: Godin, 1979)

 

Pong, David, Shen Pao-chen and China's Modernization in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994)

 

Pyle, Kenneth B., The Making  of  Modern  Japan  (Lexinton,  MA:  D.C. Health and Company, 1978)

 

Qi, Han, Sino‑French Scientific Relations in the 17th and 18th Centuries (forthcoming)

 

Qi, Han, "H. Briggs Method in the Shu Li jing yun and the Chinese Mathematician Dai Xu's Study of Bimnominal Theorem," Studies in the History of Natural Science, 11(2), (1992)

 

Qi, Han, The Introduction of Western Mathematics during the Kangxi's Reign and Its Influence on Chinese Mathematics, Doctoral Dissertation (Beijing: Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, Academia Silica, 1991)

 

Qi, Han, "Europeans' View on the Backwardness of Chinese  Science in the 17th and 18th Centuries" Studies in the History of Natural Science, 11(4), (1992)

 

Qian, Wen-Yuan, "Science Development: Sino-Western Comparative Insights," Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, 6(4), (June, 1985)

 

Ralston, David B., "The Reformation of the Armies of China," Importing the European Army: The Introduction of European Military Techniques and Institutions into the Extra‑European World, 1600‑1914 (Chicago: The University of Chicago  Press, 1990) ch.5 ch.6

 

Ranis, Gustav, AScience, Technology, and Development: A Retrospective View,@ in William Beranekm Jr. and Gustav Ranis, (eds.), Science, Technology, and Economic Development: A Historical and Comparative Study, (New York: Praeger, 1978)

 

Rapkin, David P., "Emergence of U.S.-Japan Rivalry in the Early Twentieth Century," Seminar Paper, (1995)

 

Rawlinson, John, China's Struggle for Naval Development, 1829-1895 (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1967)

 

Rearden‑Anderson, James, The Study of Change: Chemistry in China, 1840‑1949 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)

 

Reisschauer, Edwin O., Japan: The Story of a Nation (New York:  Alfred A. Knopf, 1974)

 

Rimer, J. Thomas, (eds.), Culture and identity: Japanese Intellectuals During the Interwar years, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990)

 

Robinson, Michael, AEnduring Anxieties: Cultural Nationalism and Modern East Asia,@ in Harumi Befu, (ed.), Cultural Nationalism in East Asia: Representation and Identity, (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1993)

 

Rosovsky, Henry (ed.), "Japan's Transition to Modern Economic Growth, 1868-1885," in Henry Rosovsky (ed.), Industrialization in Two Systems: Essays in Honor of Alexander Gershenkron (New York: Wiley, 1966)

 

Rosovsky, Henry, Capital Formation in Japan, 1868‑1940 (New  York: The Free Press, 1961)

 

Rosovsky, Henry, & Kazushi Ohkawa, Japanese Economic Growth: Trend Acceleration in the Twentieth Century (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1973)

 

Samuels, Richard J., "Rich Nation, Strong Army": National Security and the Technological Transformation of Japan (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994) ch.2-3

 

Samuels, Richard J., "Reinventing Security: Japan Since Meiji" Daedalus, 120(4) (Fall, 1991)

 

Schirokauer, Conrad, A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989)

 

Schneider, Laurence, "Introduction (to Science in Modern East  Asia)," Journal of Asian Affairs, 5 (1980)

 

Schrecker, John E., "The Reform Movement of 1898 and the Meiji Restoration as Ch'ing-I Movements," in Iriye, Akira (ed.), The Chinese and the Japanese: Essays in Political and Cultural Interactions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980) ch.5

 

Schumpeter, Elizabeth B. (ed.), The Industrialization of Japan and Manchukuo, 1938-1940: Population, Raw materials, and Industry (New York: Macmillan, 1940)

 

Schwartz, Benjamin, In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964)

 

Seizaburo, Sato, "Some Characteristics of the Process of Modernization in Japan," Orientation Seminars  on  Japan, No.17  (Tokyo:  The Japan Foundation, 1983)

 

Shahidullah, Muhammad, "Institutionalization of Modern Science and Technology in Non-Western Societies," Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization, 6(4), (June, 1985)

 

Shi‑ran, Du & Han Qi, "The Contribution of French Jesuits to Chinese Science in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," Impact of Science on Society, No.167, pp.265‑275

 

Shively, Donald H.  (ed.)  Tradition  and  Modernization  in  Japanese Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971)

 

Smith, Richard J., "Foreign-training and China's Self-Strengthening: the Case of Feng Huang-Shan, 1864-1873," Modern Asian Studies, 10(2), (1976) pp.195-223

 

Smith, Thomas C., "Okura Nagatsune and the Technologists," in his Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization, 1750‑1920 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988) ch.8

 

Smith, Thomas C., Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization, 1750‑1920 (Berkeley: University  of California Press, 1988)

 

Smith, Thomas C., Political Change and Industrial Development in Japan: Government Enterprise, 1868-1880, (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1955)

 

Snyder, Jack, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991)

 

Sorbom, Per, "The Reception of Western technology in China and Japan," in Baark, Erik & Andrew Jamison (eds.), Technological Development in China, India and Japan  (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986). ch.2

 

Spector, Stanley, Li Hung-Chang and the Huai Army: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Regionalism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1964)

 

Steeds, David & Ian Nish, China, Japan and 19th Century  Britain (Dublin: Irish University  Press, 1977)

 

Stein, Arthur A., "Domestic Constraints, Extended Deterrence, and the Incoherence of Grand Strategy: The United States, 1938-1950," in Richard Rosecrance & Arthur A. Stein (eds.), The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993)

 

Suganami, Hidemi, "Japan's Entry into International Society,"  in Hedley Bull & Adam Waston (eds.), The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984) ch.12

 

Sugimoto, Masayoshi & David L. Swain, Science and Culture in Traditional Japan (Rutland, Vermont & Tokyo, Japan: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1989)

 

Sugiyama, Shinya, Japan's Industrialization in the World Economy, 1859‑1899: Export Trade and Overseas Competition (London: The Athlone Press, 1988)

 

Taichiro, Mitani, AJapan=s International Finances and World Politics, 1904-31,@ in John W.M. Chapman and Jean-Pierre Lehmann, (eds.), Proceedings of the British Association for Japanese Studies 1980, 5(1): History and International Relations, (University of Sheffield, Center of Japanese Studies, 1980)

 

Takafusa, Nakamura, Lectures on Modern Japanese Economic History, 1926-1994, (Tokyo: LTCS International Library Foundation, 1994)

 

Tanaka, Stefan, Japan=s Orient: Rendering Pasts into History, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993) and Book Reviews

 

Teng, Ssu-Yu & John K. Fairbank, et al, China's Response to the West: A Documentary Survey 1939-1923 (New York: Antheum, 1967)

 

Tipton, Elise K., Society and the State in Interwar Japan, (London: Routledge, 1997)

 

Toshiyuki, Mizoguchi, "The Changing Pattern of Sino-Japanese Trade, 1884-1937," in Duus, Peter, Ramon H. Myers, and Mark R. Peattie (eds.), The Japanese Informal Empire in China,  1895‑1937 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989)

 

Tsurumi, Kazuko, "Some Political Contributions of Late Comers to Technological and Scientific Revolution: Comparison of Japan and China," (1974)

 

Tsurumi, Yoshi, Japanese Business: A Research Guide with Annotated Bibliography (New York: Praeger, 1978) ch.2 pp.13-49

 

Tu, Wei-ming, Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity: Moral Education and Economic Culture in Japan and the Four Mini-Dragons, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996)

 

Tuge, Hideomi, Historical Development of Science and Technology in Japan (Tokyo: Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai, 1961)

 

Volti, Radi, Technology, Politics, and Society in China (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1982)

 

Waswo, Ann "Modernism and Cultural Identity in Japan," Asian Affairs, (February, 1989)

 

Watts, Anthony J., Japanese Warships of World War II (London: Ian Allan, 1978)

 

Weiss, Linda, "War, the State, and the Origins of the Japanese Employment System," Politics & Society, 21(3), (September, 1993)

 

Wray, W. H. & H. Conroy (eds.), Japan Examined: Perspectives on Modern Japanese History (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983)

 

Wright, Mary C., The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism: The T'ung-Chih Restoration, 1862-1874 (New York: Atheneum, 1966)

 

Yamamura, Kozo, "Japan, 1868-1930: A Revised View," in Cameron, Rondo (ed.), Banking and Economic Development: Some Lessons of History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972)

 

Yamamura, Kozo, "Success Illgotten?: The Role of Meiji  Militarism in Japan's Technological Progress," The Journal of Economic History, 37(1) (March, 1977)

 

Yamamura, Kozo, AJapan=s Deus ex Machina: Western Technology in the 1920s,@ Journal of Japanese Studies, 12(1) (1986)

 

Yonekura, Seiichiro, The Japanese Iron and Steel Industry, 1850-1990, (New York: St. Martin=s Press, 1994)

 

Yoshida, Tadashi, The Rangaku of Shizuki Tadao: The Introduction of Western Science in Tokugawa Japan (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1974)

 

Yoshida, Shigeru,  Japan's  Decisive  Century  1867‑1967  (New  York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967)

 

Yoshioka, Hiroshi, ASamurai and Self-colonization in Japan,@ in Jan Nederveen Pieterse and Bhikhu Parekh (eds.), The Decolonization of Imagination: Culture, Knowledge and Power, (London and New jersey: Zed Books, 1995)