±èÆòÈ£ ±³¼öÀÇ ÄÚ¸àÆ®


L. Winner autonomous technology. 1977. MIT .

1944 / political science professor. The Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. NY.

polytechnic Á¾ÇÕ±â¼úÇб³. °úÇбâ¼úÀü¹®Çб³. Dep't of science and technology studies

UC Berkeley Á¤Ä¡Çаú ¹Ú»ç.


interdisciplinary field of STS to understand and influence how society shapes science and technology, and how in turn science and technology shape society and the environment.


autonomous technology. ÀÚÀ²Àû ±â¼ú? ¿ë¾îÀÇ ºó°ïÇÔ.

±âº»Àû ÁÖÁ¦´Â ¹ßÀüÀ» °ÅµìÇÏ´Â ±â¼úÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¶Á¤°ú ÅëÁ¦±Ç ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ³ª°¡ÀÖ´Â »óÅÂ. Àΰ£ÀÇ ÅëÁ¦¿Í Á¶Á¤ÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ ¹þ¾î³ª ÀÖ´Â ±â¼úÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ±â¼úÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±ØÈ÷ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀÇ ¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®Á¦´Â ¸Å¿ì Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ÁÖÁ¦¶ó´Â °Í.


ÀÚÀ²Àû ±â¼úÀ̶ó´Â ¹«¹Ì°ÇÁ¶ÇÑ ¹ø¿ªº¸´Ù ÀúÀÚÀÇ ¸Þ½ÃÁö¿¡ Ãæ½ÇÇϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â ¡®»çȸÀû ÅëÁ¦ºÒ´É »óÅÂÀÇ ±â¼ú¡¯. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ´õ ÀûÇÕÇÏ°í ¶æ¿¡ ¸Â´Â Ã¥ÀÇ Á¦¸ñ.


artifice and order

 

¹®Á¦ 1. WinnerÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ¹®Á¦´Â ºÐ¼®ÀÇ ¾ö¹ÐÇÔ/ Á¤È®ÇÔ/ ÀǹÌÀÖÀ½ µîµî ¿©ºÎº¸´Ù totalizing theory/ explanation/ analysis¶ó´Â Á¡. avenue for interventionÀÇ ºÎÀç. °á·Ð ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­ Á¦½ÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº impractical, idealistic, hardly realistic....


structure vs. agencyÀÇ ¹®Á¦

±â¼ú»çȸ, ±â¼ú¹®¸í, »ê¾÷±â¼ú¹®¸íÀÇ ±¸Á¶ vs. Àΰ£ÀÇ ÁÖüÀû ÀÇÁö¿Í ÆÇ´ÜÀÇ °³ÀÔÀÇ ¿©Áö

a technological order. the technological society.

the system of technical instrumentality


bureaucratic cageó·³. ±â¼úÀÇ ¿øÄ¢ÀÌ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â »óȲ.

±â¼ú°ú °ü·ÃÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÀÇ °Å´ëÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇØ/ºñÆÇÀÇ ¹æ½Ä¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â ȯ¿øÁÖÀÇreductionism¿Í È¥µ·compromise


±â¼ú»çȸ¸¦ ÀÌÇØ/¼³¸í/ºñÆÇÇϴµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ/À¯¿ëÇÑ ¸î °¡Áö °³³ä


1. Àΰø¼º ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿ò artificiality. ÀÚ¿¬, »ç¶÷, °ü°è, ¹°°Ç µîµîÀÇ ¼º°Ý

2. Àΰ£¿Ü¿¬ÀÇ È®Àå extension ´ÜÀý, °Å¸®°¨,

3. °æ¿Ü°¨ÀÇ »ó½Ç. ÇÕ¸®È­, È¿À²¼ºÀÇ °­Á¶. µµ±¸Àû À̼º.

4. ´ëÇüÈ­¿Í ÁýÁßÇö»ó. ±Ô¸ð/¹üÁÖÀÇ °æÁ¦. Áß¾ÓÁýÁßÀû °æ¿µ, TNC/MNCÀÇ Á¸Àç?

5. ºÐ¾÷. Àü¹®È­. °³º°È­, ÆÄÆíÈ­

6. º¹À⼺

7. »óÈ£ÀÇÁ¸¼º. ±â°èüÁ¦¿Í Àΰ£ÀÇ °ü°èÀÇ ºÒÆòµî¼º.


large man-machine networks require hierarchical structure as a normal operating condition. 185.


apraxia; Ãë¾à¼º. üÁ¦¸¶ºñÀÇ Ãë¾àÁ¡/À§Ç輺ÀÌ »óÁ¸ÇÏ´Â Á¶°Ç

reverse salient?


8. master-slave. loss of freedom.

Áö³ªÄ£ ÀÇÁ¸ / ±â°èÁ¦Á¦ÀÇ ¿ä±¸¿¡ µû¶ó¾ß ÇÏ´Â »óȲ / ±â¼úÀû ¼ö´ÜÀÌ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î º¯È­/ Á¤½ÅÀû ¿µ¿µ±îÁö ħÅõ, º¯È­ / º¹À⼺ÀÇ Áõ´ë·Î Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÎÁö´É·ÂÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇÏ´Â »óȲ. ´É°¡ÇÏ´Â »óÅÂ. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óÅ°¡ ÁÖÁ¾°ü°èÀÇ ¹®Á¦¾ç»óÀÇ ¸ð½À.


±â°èÀû Àΰ£°üÀÌ ÆľÇÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ÁöÁ¡: ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ »ó½ÇÀ̶ó´Â ¹®Á¦.

±â°èÀÇ ³í¸®: ´Ü¼ø, ¸í·á, ¸íÄè / ºñÆÇÀÇ ³í¸®: º¹Àâ, ³­ÇØ, ¾Ö¸Å, ºÒÅõ¸í....


±â¼úüÁ¦°¡ °¡ÇÏ´Â discipline. the machine discipline. system of governance.

±â¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸î °¡Áö ¿ÀÇØ


1. ±â¼úÀº Á߸³ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù¶ó´Â »ç°í. neutral

Á߸³ÀûÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾²´Â ¹æ½Ä¿¡ µû¶ó ±àÁ¤Àû ºÎÁ¤Àû ÆÄÀåÀÌ ¿Â´Ù´Â °Í.

===>WinnerÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀº ±â¼úÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ¼±ÅÃÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó technical order°¡ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â discipline¿¡ µû¶ó¾ß ÇÏ´Â °Í. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ±â¼ú, ±â¼úüÁ¦ÀÇ Á߸³¼ºÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀº ȯ»ó. illusory.


2. ±â¼úÀº µµ±¸¶ó´Â »ç°í. tool-conception

±â¼úÀº µµ±¸°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ýÁ¸ÀÇ ¹æ½Ä, »îÀÇ ¾ç½ÄÀÌ´Ù. Áï ¼ÒÅëÀÇ ¹æ½Ä, ÁÖ°ÅÀÇ ¹æ½Ä, ¿©ÇàÀÇ ¹æ½Ä, ÀÏÀÇ ¹æ½Ä µîµîÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ °­Á¦....


3. ³ëµ¿Àý¾àÀÇ ½ÅÈ­ labor saving

´Ù¸¥ ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ³ëµ¿À» °­Á¦....

labor is shifted to areas where work cannot be done mechanically. and this burden grows apace with the increase of mechanical work. 205. the failure of technology....

´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁö°í, °­Á¦µÇ°í.... Àΰ£ÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÇ »óȲÀº ±â°èÈ­µÇ¾î°¡´Â ´Ù¸¥ ºÎºÐ°ú synchronizeµÇ¾î¾ß.....


¹®Á¦ 2. ÀÌ·¸°Ô µÈ ÀÌÀ¯´Â? ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀÌ Àִ°¡?

capitalismÀÇ È®´ë/¹ßÀü ¼ºÀåÀÇ °æ·Î. in the process of seeking profit and power under the capitalist regime. 


complexity and the loss of agency


¿ì¸® »ç°íÀÇ ½À°ü. collection of habits in our thinking. the style of thinking. technological ensemble == spirit


±â¼úüÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÏ»óÀû ¾ð¾î·Î¼­ÀÇ ÀÌÇØÀÇ ¹®Á¦.

Áö½ÄÀÇ ¹ßÀü? ºÐÈ­µÈ ÇüÅÂÀÇ Àü¹®Áö½ÄÀº ÀÖÀ¸³ª °úÇÐ, ±â¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«Áö.... Áö½ÄÀÇ ºÐÈ­, ÃÑüÀû, ÃÑ°ýÀû Áö½Ä, ÁöÇý, ±³¾çÀÇ ºÎÁ·... Áö½ÄÀÇ ºÐÈ­, º¹À⼺ÀÇ Áõ°¡. Æ÷°ýÀû ½Ã°¢ÀÇ ¾î·Á¿ò


Àü¹®Áö½ÄÀÌ¸é µÇÁö ¿Ö º¹ÇÕÀûÀÎ ÆÇ´Ü´É·ÂÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ°¡? ¼öµ¿ÀûÀÎ Á¸Àç·Î À§Ä¡Áö¿öÁö´Â ¹®Á¦... ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â ÇüÅ´ ¼ÒºñÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀÌ¿Ü¿¡, °áÁ¤ÀÇ ÇüÅ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù¶ó´Â Á¡... ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ±¸Á¶¿Í È帧¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«Áö...


ÁÖüÀû Âü¿©, º¯È­¸¦ Ãßµ¿ÇÏ´Â ¿ª·®, Ã¥ÀÓ°¨, À±¸®ÀÇ½Ä µîÀÇmoral agency...


frankenstein's problem


±â¼úÀÌ »ýÈ°¼¼°èÀÇ Á¶°ÇÀ» ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¾ç»ó, condition the fabric of life. »óȲ.

ºñ¿ëºÐ¼®, °¡Ä¡ÀÇ ºÐ¹è µîÀÇ ¹æ½Ä/¹®Á¦À¸·Î¸¸ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±â¼ú°ú »îÀÇ ¹®Á¦....


±â¼úÀÇ »çȸÀû Á¤Ä¡Àû ºÐ¼®ÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä---> ±× ³»¿ëÀº? ±â¼ú°ú ÀÏÄ¡µÈ »î / ±â¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀçÆíµÇ´Â/Á¶°ÇÁö¿öÁö´Â »îÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â 321


1. ½É¸®Àû ºÎÁ¶È­¿Í ¹«Áú¼­ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °Í. »îÀÇ ÆÄÆíÈ­.

2. ¹«±â·ÂÁõ. Âü¿©, º¯È­ÀÇ ÁÖüÀû ¿ª·®À» ¼¼¿ï ¼ö Àִ°¡ÀÇ ¹®Á¦.

3. ±â¼úÀº °ú¿¬ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä¿¡ ºÀ»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀΰ¡

4. ±â¼ú·Î ÀÎÇØ ¾ß±âµÈ ¹®Á¦ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓ¼ÒÀçÀÇ ¹®Á¦.



Àΰ£Àû ±â¼ú ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¶ó´Â ´ë¾È?

1. ÆíÀÇÀû-´Ù¾ç¼ºÀÇ °üÁ¡ utilitarian-pluralist °ø¸®Àû ´Ù¿øÁÖÀÇÀû Á¢±Ù. Á¦µµÀû ÀýÂ÷·Î ÇØ°á. ±â¼úÀÇ ÀÌÁ¡À» ÃÖ´ëÈ­ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¦µµ.


2. ±â¼úÀÌ °ð Á¦µµ¶ó´Â °üÁ¡. technology-legislation perspective.


±×·¯¸é ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡/

p. goodman; µµ´öÀû ¸í·ÉÀÇ Àû¿ë

bookchin ÇعæÀû ±â¼úÀÇ ±âȹ

marcuse; À¯ÅäÇǾÆÀû »ç°íÀÇ º¹¿ø

ellul: ÁÖüÀû °³ÀÎÀÇ È¸º¹


winner: »õ·Î¿î ±â¼úÀÇ ÇüÅ Ãß±¸. ±â¼úÀÇ Àΰ£È­. Àΰ£ÀÇ ±â¼ú. new forms of technics.

°³ÀÎÀÇ ÁÖüÀû ½Çõ. participation

±â¼úÀÇ ´ëÁßÈ­/Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ °ø°³. flexible, known to everybody

ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼öÁØ°ú Çʿ並 ÃæÁ·½ÃÅ°´Â Á¤µµÀÇ ±â¼úä¿ë. ¼ö´ÜÀû Á¸Àç·Î¼­ÀÇ ±â¼úÀÇ À§»óȸº¹

 appropriateness


¹®Á¦ 3: ¼ö´ÜÀû Á¸Àç·Î¼­ÀÇ ±â¼úÀÇ À§»ó ȸº¹. ±â¼úÀÌ ¸ñÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ °Í. ±â¼úÀÌ ¼ö´ÜÀûÀÎ Á¸À縦 ³Ñ¾î °³Àΰú »çȸÀÇ »î°ú ¿î¿ë¾ç½ÄÀ» º¯È­½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ´Â »óȲ¿¡¼­ ¼ö´Ü¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â À§»óÀ» ȸº¹½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÒ±î? 335.


ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ß¸íÇ°ÀÌ Àڽſ¡°Ô °íÅëÀ» °¡Á®´ÙÁÖ´Â »óȲÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹þ¾î³¯ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ Áú¹®Çϸ鼭.... ¼ö´Ü°ú ¸ñÀûÀÇ µµÄ¡. ¼ö´ÜÀ̶ó´Â tool-conceptionÀ» ºñÆÇÇϸ鼭.... ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Á¼Àº ½Ã°¢ÀÇ µµ±¸Àû ±â¼ú°üÀÌ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ò±î? ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±â¼úÀÌ ¼ö´ÜÀ» ³Ñ¾î ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î Àü¹ÝÀ» ¿ÁÁË°í ÀÖ´Â »óȲÀ» ÀνĽÃÅ°´Â.... ¹æ½Ä. °è¸ùÀû ±ú´ÞÀ½ÀÇ ³í¸®¸¦ Á¦°øÇؾß....