±èÆòÈ£ ±³¼öÀÇ ÄÚ¸àÆ®
L. Winner autonomous technology. 1977. MIT .
1944 / political science professor. The Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. NY.
polytechnic Á¾ÇÕ±â¼úÇб³. °úÇбâ¼úÀü¹®Çб³. Dep't of science and technology studies
UC Berkeley Á¤Ä¡Çаú ¹Ú»ç.
interdisciplinary field of STS to understand and influence how society shapes science and technology, and how in turn science and technology shape society and the environment.
autonomous technology. ÀÚÀ²Àû ±â¼ú? ¿ë¾îÀÇ ºó°ïÇÔ.
±âº»Àû ÁÖÁ¦´Â ¹ßÀüÀ» °ÅµìÇÏ´Â ±â¼úÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¶Á¤°ú ÅëÁ¦±Ç ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ³ª°¡ÀÖ´Â »óÅÂ. Àΰ£ÀÇ ÅëÁ¦¿Í Á¶Á¤ÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ ¹þ¾î³ª ÀÖ´Â ±â¼úÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ±â¼úÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±ØÈ÷ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀÇ ¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®Á¦´Â ¸Å¿ì Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ÁÖÁ¦¶ó´Â °Í.
ÀÚÀ²Àû ±â¼úÀ̶ó´Â ¹«¹Ì°ÇÁ¶ÇÑ ¹ø¿ªº¸´Ù ÀúÀÚÀÇ ¸Þ½ÃÁö¿¡ Ãæ½ÇÇϱâ À§Çؼ´Â ¡®»çȸÀû ÅëÁ¦ºÒ´É »óÅÂÀÇ ±â¼ú¡¯. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ´õ ÀûÇÕÇÏ°í ¶æ¿¡ ¸Â´Â Ã¥ÀÇ Á¦¸ñ.
artifice and order
¹®Á¦ 1. WinnerÀÇ °¡Àå Å« ¹®Á¦´Â ºÐ¼®ÀÇ ¾ö¹ÐÇÔ/ Á¤È®ÇÔ/ ÀǹÌÀÖÀ½ µîµî ¿©ºÎº¸´Ù totalizing theory/ explanation/ analysis¶ó´Â Á¡. avenue for interventionÀÇ ºÎÀç. °á·Ð ºÎºÐ¿¡¼ Á¦½ÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº impractical, idealistic, hardly realistic....
structure vs. agencyÀÇ ¹®Á¦
±â¼ú»çȸ, ±â¼ú¹®¸í, »ê¾÷±â¼ú¹®¸íÀÇ ±¸Á¶ vs. Àΰ£ÀÇ ÁÖüÀû ÀÇÁö¿Í ÆÇ´ÜÀÇ °³ÀÔÀÇ ¿©Áö
a technological order. the technological society.
the system of technical instrumentality
bureaucratic cageó·³. ±â¼úÀÇ ¿øÄ¢ÀÌ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â »óȲ.
±â¼ú°ú °ü·ÃÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÀÇ °Å´ëÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇØ/ºñÆÇÀÇ ¹æ½Ä¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â ȯ¿øÁÖÀÇreductionism¿Í È¥µ·compromise
±â¼ú»çȸ¸¦ ÀÌÇØ/¼³¸í/ºñÆÇÇϴµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ/À¯¿ëÇÑ ¸î °¡Áö °³³ä
1. Àΰø¼º ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿ò artificiality. ÀÚ¿¬, »ç¶÷, °ü°è, ¹°°Ç µîµîÀÇ ¼º°Ý
2. Àΰ£¿Ü¿¬ÀÇ È®Àå extension ´ÜÀý, °Å¸®°¨,
3. °æ¿Ü°¨ÀÇ »ó½Ç. ÇÕ¸®È, È¿À²¼ºÀÇ °Á¶. µµ±¸Àû À̼º.
4. ´ëÇüÈ¿Í ÁýÁßÇö»ó. ±Ô¸ð/¹üÁÖÀÇ °æÁ¦. Áß¾ÓÁýÁßÀû °æ¿µ, TNC/MNCÀÇ Á¸Àç?
5. ºÐ¾÷. Àü¹®È. °³º°È, ÆÄÆíÈ
6. º¹À⼺
7. »óÈ£ÀÇÁ¸¼º. ±â°èüÁ¦¿Í Àΰ£ÀÇ °ü°èÀÇ ºÒÆòµî¼º.
large man-machine networks require hierarchical structure as a normal operating condition. 185.
apraxia; Ãë¾à¼º. üÁ¦¸¶ºñÀÇ Ãë¾àÁ¡/À§Ç輺ÀÌ »óÁ¸ÇÏ´Â Á¶°Ç
reverse salient?
8. master-slave. loss of freedom.
Áö³ªÄ£ ÀÇÁ¸ / ±â°èÁ¦Á¦ÀÇ ¿ä±¸¿¡ µû¶ó¾ß ÇÏ´Â »óȲ / ±â¼úÀû ¼ö´ÜÀÌ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î º¯È/ Á¤½ÅÀû ¿µ¿µ±îÁö ħÅõ, º¯È / º¹À⼺ÀÇ Áõ´ë·Î Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÎÁö´É·ÂÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇÏ´Â »óȲ. ´É°¡ÇÏ´Â »óÅÂ. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óÅ°¡ ÁÖÁ¾°ü°èÀÇ ¹®Á¦¾ç»óÀÇ ¸ð½À.
±â°èÀû Àΰ£°üÀÌ ÆľÇÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ÁöÁ¡: ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ »ó½ÇÀ̶ó´Â ¹®Á¦.
±â°èÀÇ ³í¸®: ´Ü¼ø, ¸í·á, ¸íÄè / ºñÆÇÀÇ ³í¸®: º¹Àâ, ³ÇØ, ¾Ö¸Å, ºÒÅõ¸í....
±â¼úüÁ¦°¡ °¡ÇÏ´Â discipline. the machine discipline. system of governance.
±â¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸î °¡Áö ¿ÀÇØ
1. ±â¼úÀº Á߸³ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù¶ó´Â »ç°í. neutral
Á߸³ÀûÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾²´Â ¹æ½Ä¿¡ µû¶ó ±àÁ¤Àû ºÎÁ¤Àû ÆÄÀåÀÌ ¿Â´Ù´Â °Í.
===>WinnerÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀº ±â¼úÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ¼±ÅÃÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó technical order°¡ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â discipline¿¡ µû¶ó¾ß ÇÏ´Â °Í. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ±â¼ú, ±â¼úüÁ¦ÀÇ Á߸³¼ºÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀº ȯ»ó. illusory.
2. ±â¼úÀº µµ±¸¶ó´Â »ç°í. tool-conception
±â¼úÀº µµ±¸°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ýÁ¸ÀÇ ¹æ½Ä, »îÀÇ ¾ç½ÄÀÌ´Ù. Áï ¼ÒÅëÀÇ ¹æ½Ä, ÁÖ°ÅÀÇ ¹æ½Ä, ¿©ÇàÀÇ ¹æ½Ä, ÀÏÀÇ ¹æ½Ä µîµîÀÇ º¯È¸¦ °Á¦....
3. ³ëµ¿Àý¾àÀÇ ½ÅÈ labor saving
´Ù¸¥ ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ³ëµ¿À» °Á¦....
labor is shifted to areas where work cannot be done mechanically. and this burden grows apace with the increase of mechanical work. 205. the failure of technology....
´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁö°í, °Á¦µÇ°í.... Àΰ£ÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÇ »óȲÀº ±â°èȵǾ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ºÎºÐ°ú synchronizeµÇ¾î¾ß.....
¹®Á¦ 2. ÀÌ·¸°Ô µÈ ÀÌÀ¯´Â? ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀÌ Àִ°¡?
capitalismÀÇ È®´ë/¹ßÀü ¼ºÀåÀÇ °æ·Î. in the process of seeking profit and power under the capitalist regime.
complexity and the loss of agency
¿ì¸® »ç°íÀÇ ½À°ü. collection of habits in our thinking. the style of thinking. technological ensemble == spirit
±â¼úüÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÏ»óÀû ¾ð¾î·Î¼ÀÇ ÀÌÇØÀÇ ¹®Á¦.
Áö½ÄÀÇ ¹ßÀü? ºÐÈµÈ ÇüÅÂÀÇ Àü¹®Áö½ÄÀº ÀÖÀ¸³ª °úÇÐ, ±â¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«Áö.... Áö½ÄÀÇ ºÐÈ, ÃÑüÀû, ÃÑ°ýÀû Áö½Ä, ÁöÇý, ±³¾çÀÇ ºÎÁ·... Áö½ÄÀÇ ºÐÈ, º¹À⼺ÀÇ Áõ°¡. Æ÷°ýÀû ½Ã°¢ÀÇ ¾î·Á¿ò
Àü¹®Áö½ÄÀÌ¸é µÇÁö ¿Ö º¹ÇÕÀûÀÎ ÆÇ´Ü´É·ÂÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ°¡? ¼öµ¿ÀûÀÎ Á¸Àç·Î À§Ä¡Áö¿öÁö´Â ¹®Á¦... ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â ÇüÅ´ ¼ÒºñÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀÌ¿Ü¿¡, °áÁ¤ÀÇ ÇüÅ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù¶ó´Â Á¡... ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ±¸Á¶¿Í È帧¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«Áö...
ÁÖüÀû Âü¿©, º¯È¸¦ Ãßµ¿ÇÏ´Â ¿ª·®, Ã¥ÀÓ°¨, À±¸®ÀÇ½Ä µîÀÇmoral agency...
frankenstein's problem
±â¼úÀÌ »ýÈ°¼¼°èÀÇ Á¶°ÇÀ» ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¾ç»ó, condition the fabric of life. »óȲ.
ºñ¿ëºÐ¼®, °¡Ä¡ÀÇ ºÐ¹è µîÀÇ ¹æ½Ä/¹®Á¦À¸·Î¸¸ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±â¼ú°ú »îÀÇ ¹®Á¦....
±â¼úÀÇ »çȸÀû Á¤Ä¡Àû ºÐ¼®ÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä---> ±× ³»¿ëÀº? ±â¼ú°ú ÀÏÄ¡µÈ »î / ±â¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀçÆíµÇ´Â/Á¶°ÇÁö¿öÁö´Â »îÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â 321
1. ½É¸®Àû ºÎÁ¶È¿Í ¹«Áú¼ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °Í. »îÀÇ ÆÄÆíÈ.
2. ¹«±â·ÂÁõ. Âü¿©, º¯ÈÀÇ ÁÖüÀû ¿ª·®À» ¼¼¿ï ¼ö Àִ°¡ÀÇ ¹®Á¦.
3. ±â¼úÀº °ú¿¬ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä¿¡ ºÀ»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀΰ¡
4. ±â¼ú·Î ÀÎÇØ ¾ß±âµÈ ¹®Á¦ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓ¼ÒÀçÀÇ ¹®Á¦.
Àΰ£Àû ±â¼ú ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¶ó´Â ´ë¾È?
1. ÆíÀÇÀû-´Ù¾ç¼ºÀÇ °üÁ¡ utilitarian-pluralist °ø¸®Àû ´Ù¿øÁÖÀÇÀû Á¢±Ù. Á¦µµÀû ÀýÂ÷·Î ÇØ°á. ±â¼úÀÇ ÀÌÁ¡À» ÃÖ´ëÈ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¦µµ.
2. ±â¼úÀÌ °ð Á¦µµ¶ó´Â °üÁ¡. technology-legislation perspective.
±×·¯¸é ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡/
p. goodman; µµ´öÀû ¸í·ÉÀÇ Àû¿ë
bookchin ÇعæÀû ±â¼úÀÇ ±âȹ
marcuse; À¯ÅäÇǾÆÀû »ç°íÀÇ º¹¿ø
ellul: ÁÖüÀû °³ÀÎÀÇ È¸º¹
winner: »õ·Î¿î ±â¼úÀÇ ÇüÅ Ãß±¸. ±â¼úÀÇ Àΰ£È. Àΰ£ÀÇ ±â¼ú. new forms of technics.
°³ÀÎÀÇ ÁÖüÀû ½Çõ. participation
±â¼úÀÇ ´ëÁßÈ/Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ °ø°³. flexible, known to everybody
ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼öÁØ°ú Çʿ並 ÃæÁ·½ÃÅ°´Â Á¤µµÀÇ ±â¼úä¿ë. ¼ö´ÜÀû Á¸Àç·Î¼ÀÇ ±â¼úÀÇ À§»óȸº¹
appropriateness
¹®Á¦ 3: ¼ö´ÜÀû Á¸Àç·Î¼ÀÇ ±â¼úÀÇ À§»ó ȸº¹. ±â¼úÀÌ ¸ñÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ °Í. ±â¼úÀÌ ¼ö´ÜÀûÀÎ Á¸À縦 ³Ñ¾î °³Àΰú »çȸÀÇ »î°ú ¿î¿ë¾ç½ÄÀ» º¯È½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ´Â »óȲ¿¡¼ ¼ö´Ü¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â À§»óÀ» ȸº¹½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÒ±î? 335.
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ß¸íÇ°ÀÌ Àڽſ¡°Ô °íÅëÀ» °¡Á®´ÙÁÖ´Â »óȲÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹þ¾î³¯ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ Áú¹®Çϸé¼.... ¼ö´Ü°ú ¸ñÀûÀÇ µµÄ¡. ¼ö´ÜÀ̶ó´Â tool-conceptionÀ» ºñÆÇÇϸé¼.... ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Á¼Àº ½Ã°¢ÀÇ µµ±¸Àû ±â¼ú°üÀÌ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ò±î? ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±â¼úÀÌ ¼ö´ÜÀ» ³Ñ¾î ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î Àü¹ÝÀ» ¿ÁÁË°í ÀÖ´Â »óȲÀ» ÀνĽÃÅ°´Â.... ¹æ½Ä. °è¸ùÀû ±ú´ÞÀ½ÀÇ ³í¸®¸¦ Á¦°øÇؾß....