Áö½Ä»çȸ¿¬±¸È¸ 2005³â 9¿ù 23ÀÏ
Peter Burke, A Social History of Knowledge:
From Gutenberg to Diderot (Cambridge: Polity, 2002)
¹ßÁ¦: ±è »ó ¹è
o ÇÇÅÍ ¹öÅ©(Peter Burke)´Â ´©±¸Àΰ¡?
- 1937³â»ýÀÇ ¿µ±¹ »çÇÐÀÚ, Oxford University ¹Ú»ç, School of European Studies at the University of Sussex¿¡¼ 16³â°£ ±³¼ö, University of Cambridge ±³¼ö(¸í¿¹±³¼ö, ¹®È»ç), Emmanuel CollegeÀÇ Fellow
- ±Ù´ë Ãʱâ¿Í »çȸ¹®È»ç¸¦ ÇöÀçÀû °üÁ¡¿¡¼ Àü¹®À¸·Î ¿¬±¸ÇÑ ÇÐÀÚ·Î Æò°¡¹ÞÀ½. ´ëÇ¥ Àú¼: Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (1978), The Renaissance (1987), History and Social Theory (1991), Varieties of cultural history (1997) µî
o ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ³íÀÇ¿Í ±¸¼º
- 1450³â°æ ±¸ÅÙº£¸£Å©ÀÇ ÀμâÈ°ÀÚ ¹ß¸íºÎÅÍ 1750³â°æ µðµå·ÎÀÇ ¹é°úÀü¼ ÆíÂù¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ½Ã±âÀÇ Áö½Ä»çȸ»ç
cf. ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ¼ÓÆí Á¦¸ñÀº? From Microprocessors to Hypertext(WWW)?
- ¸¸ÇÏÀÓ, µÚ¸£ÄÐ, º£¹ö, ǪÄÚ, ºÎ¸£µð¿Ü ·ùÀÇ Áö½Ä»çȸÇаú ·Îºó½¼, Çì¼¾, ´Ï´ý ·ùÀÇ Áö½Ä»çȸ»çÀÇ ¿µÇâ-->¾ö¹ÐÇÏ°Ô ¸»Çϸé Áö½ÄÀÇ °³³ä»ç(±Ù´ë Ãʱ⠴ç½ÃÀÇ À¯·´ÀεéÀÌ Áö½ÄÀ» ¹«¾ùÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢Çߴ°¡?) cf. Á¤º¸»çȸ¸¦ »ç´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ »óÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¡®Áö½Ä¡°?
- Áö½Ä»çȸ»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÐÁ¦Àû ½Ã°¢À» À¶ÇÕ: Á¦2-3Àå »çȸÇÐ, Á¦4Àå Áö¸®ÇÐ, Á¦5Àå ÀηùÇÐ, Á¦6Àå Á¤Ä¡ÇÐ, Á¦7Àå °æÁ¦ÇÐ, Á¦8Àå literary approach, Á¦9Àå öÇÐ
o ¡®Áö½Ä(knowledge)¡¯À̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?
- Á¤º¸(information)¿Í ±¸º°: Á¤º¸=»ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î raw, specific, practical ÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó¸é, Áö½ÄÀº ¡®cooked', processed, systematized ÇÑ °ÍÀÓ
- Áö½ÄÀÌ ÃàÀûµÇ´Â °ÍÀ̱â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸ Áö½ÄÀ» intellectual progress ¶Ç´Â cognitive growth¶ó´Â Â÷¿ø¿¡¼¸¸ ÀÌÇØÇϱ⠸»¾Æ¾ß-->ÁöÇý(Wisdom, òªû´)´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ÃàÀûµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ô-->progressµµ ÀÖ°í regressµµ ÀÖ´Â... ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹öÀüÀÇ ¹é°ú»çÀüµéÀ» º¸¸é ´ç½ÃÀÇ Áö½Ä(Áö½Ä °³³ä)À» ¾Ë±â À§Çؼ´Â ¿¾³¯ ¹öÀüÀ» ã¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼öµµ-->¶ÇÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÇ ÃàÀûÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱ⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¹®Á¦¸¦ »õ·Ó°Ô ¹ß»ý½ÃÅ°±âµµ
- Áö½ÄÀÇ ¹üÀ§: ±× ´ç½ÃÀÇ text, oral knowledge, images, material objects(ex. coin), non-verbal practices(°Ç¼³, ¿ä¸®, Á÷Á¶, Ä¡·á, »ç³É, Àç¹è µîµî)
- ±â´É°ú ¿ëµµ¿¡ µû¸¥ Áö½ÄÀÇ À¯Çü ±¸ºÐ
․ George GurvitchÀÇ 7°¡Áö ±¸ºÐ: perceptual, social, everyday, technical, political, scientific, philosophical
- Áö½Ä»ý»ê°ú ÀüÆÄÀÇ ÁÖü(social group)¿¡ µû¸¥ ±¸ºÐ
․ ¿¤¸®Æ®, scholar¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ academic forms of knowledge, learning vs. ´ë¾ÈÀû Áö½Ä(alternative knowledge)
․ craftsmen¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ popular, practical knowledge-->±Ù´ë ÃʱâÀÇ intellectual Çõ¸íÀ» ÅëÇؼ ¿ª»çÀÇ Àü¸é¿¡ µîÀå
․ ¾çÀÚ´Â ±ä¹ÐÈ÷ »óÈ£ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Ìħ
cf. Áö½ÄÀÇ °³³äÀû ÃþÀ§(<±×¸²1>) - ¹ßÁ¦ÀÚÀÇ ±¸ºÐ
<±×¸²1> Áö½ÄÀÇ °³³äÀû ÃþÀ§
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±Ô¹üÀû Áö½Ä (Á¸Àç·Ð Â÷¿ø) |
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°úÇÐÀû Áö½Ä (ÀνķРÂ÷¿ø) |
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½Ç¿ëÀû Áö½Ä (¹æ¹ý·Ð Â÷¿ø) |
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Áö½Ä ÀÎÇÁ¶ó (¹Ìµð¾î, ¾ð¾î, Á¤º¸) |
a) °úÇÐÀû Áö½Ä: ÀÚ¿¬Çö»ó°ú »çȸÇö»óÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû ¿ø¸®(episteme) ¶Ç´Â Áø¸®(truth)¸¦ ÆľÇÇÏ´Â °´°üÀû ÀνÄ/ÀÌÇØü°è·Î¼ÀÇ Áö½Ä, À̴ Ư¼öÇÑ Çö»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀνÄ/ÀÌÇطμÀÇ »ýÈ°Áö½ÄÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ »ó½Ä(ßÈãÛ)°ú´Â ±¸º°, ¿¹) ÀÚ¿¬°úÇÐÀû Áö½Ä, »çȸ°úÇÐ Áö½Ä, Åë°èÀû Áö½Ä µî-->ÀνķРÂ÷¿ø¿¡¼ ÆÄ¾ÇµÈ epistemology (episteme + logos)ÀÇ ¿µ¿ª
b) ½Ç¿ëÀû Áö½Ä: ÀÚ¿¬ ¶Ç´Â »çȸ¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è¿¡¼ Àΰ£ÀÌ µµ±¸ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¡®½Ç¿ëÀû Áö½Ä(useful knowledge),¡¯ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áö½ÄÀº techne¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇ´Â ¾Ï¹¬Àû Áö½ÄÀÇ ÇüÅÂ, ¿¹) ±â´É․±â¼ú․ÀÀ¿ë°úÇÐ µî --> ¡®µµ±¸·Ð/¹æ¹ý·Ð Â÷¿ø¡¯¿¡¼ ÆÄ¾ÇµÈ technology (techne + logos) ¶Ç´Â methodologyÀÇ ¿µ¿ª
c) ±Ô¹üÀû Áö½Ä: Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¤Ã¼¼ºÀ̳ª °¡Ä¡, ½Å³ä, À̳ä, »ó¡ µî¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ Ãß»óÀûÀÌ°í ±Ô¹üÀûÀÎ Áö½Ä, ¿¹) Á¾±³, À±¸®, µµ´ö, Àι®ÇÐ, ¹®È µî --> ¡®Á¸Àç·Ð Â÷¿ø¡¯¿¡¼ ÆÄ¾ÇµÈ ontologyÀÇ ¿µ¿ª
d) ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áö½ÄÀº Áö½Ä ÀÎÇÁ¶ó¶ó´Â ¿ë±â¿¡ ´ã°Ü¼ »ý»ê, ÀüÆÄ, »ç¿ëµÊ, Çϵå¿þ¾î ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¹Ìµð¾î, ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¾ð¾î, ¹Ìµé¿þ¾î/Æß¿þ¾î ÇüÅÂÀÇ Á¤º¸(information)
o ±Ù´ë Ãʱâ À¯·´¿¡¼ ´©°¡ Áö½ÄÀ» °¡Áö°í(¹ß°ß, »ý»ê, ÀüÆÄ) ÀÖ¾ú´Â°¡?
- intellectuals ¶Ç´Â specialists in knowledge·Î¼ÀÇ "clerisy" µéÀÇ »çȸÀû ¿ªÇÒÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̾ú´Â°¡?
- Áß¼¼ÀÇ Áö½ÄÀÎÀº ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ ´ëÇб³¼ö³ª ÇлýÀº ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀ̾úÀ½(ex. Å丶½º ¾ÆÄû³ª½º) vs. »õ·Î¿î Ä¿¸®Å§·³À» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â À̵éÀº Àι®ÁÖÀÇÀÚ(humanists)¶ó°í ºÒ¸²
- Àι®ÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÇ µîÀåÀº Àμâ¼úÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±³È¸¿¡¼ÀÇ ±³À° ±âȸ³ª Á¤ºÎ¿¡¼ÀÇ ¼ö¿ä µî¿¡ ÀǼ Ã˹ߵÊ-->1600³â ¹«·Æ¿¡ À̸£¸é ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ information brokers³ª knowledge managers·Î¼ »çȸÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐȵÊ(´ëÇб³¼ö°¡ ´ëÇ¥Àû »ç·Ê)-->ÇϳªÀÇ Á÷¾÷À¸·Î¼ÀÇ ÀνÄ(ex. scientist, librarian, official historian)-->17-18¼¼±â¸¦ °ÅÄ¡¸é¼ À̵éÀº group identity¸¦ ȹµæ
- À̵éÀÇ µîÀåÀº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ³ª º¯È£»ç, ÀÇ»çµéÀÇ ¹Ý¹ßÀ» »ï-->ºÐÈ¿Í °¥µîÀÇ °úÁ¤ ÁøÇà, cf. distributional changes in knowledge structure
- À̽½¶÷°ú Áß±¹ÀÇ ºñ±³»ç·Ê: À̽½¶÷ÀÇ ulama(Àμâ¼úÀ» °ÅºÎÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ À¯·´°úÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ), Áß±¹ÀÇ shen-shih (scholar-gentry) °ú°Å¸¦ ÅëÇØ Ãæ¿ø
cf. Á¤º¸»çȸ: Á¾À̽Ź®ÀÇ 'Ä®·³´Ï½ºÆ®' vs. ¿À¸¶ÀÌ ´º½ºÀÇ ¡®°Ô¸±¶ó ±âÀÚ¡¯?
o »õ·Î¿î Áö½ÄÀÎ °èÃþ ÃâÇöÀÇ Á¦µµÀû ±â¹Ý
- ±Ù´ë Ãʱâ À¯·´ÀÇ clerisy´Â ´ëÇаú °°Àº Á¦µµ¸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î È°µ¿-->Áö½Ä±â°ü(organization of learning)À¸·Î¼ÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´ëÇÐÀÇ °³Çõ ¹®Á¦°¡ Áö½Ä»çȸ»çÀÇ °ü°Ç
- intellectual innovationÀÇ °üÁ¡(Veblen, Pareto)¿¡¼ º» intellectual 'speculators' (ƯÈ÷ À¯ÅÂÀÎ Áö½ÄÀÎ) vs. cultural reproduction(ºÎ¸£µð¿Ü, Elias)ÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼ º» ¡®rentiers'(cultural capitalÀÇ Àç»ý»ê) --> µÎ ±×·ìÀÇ °¥µîÀÌ ´ëÇÐÀ» ÅëÇؼ ¹ßÇö
- Áö½ÄÀü¼ö ±â°üÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ Áß¼¼ university vs. ±Ù´ë Ãʱ⠡®academy'ÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ ÅëÇÑ Áö½ÄÇõ½Å¿îµ¿
- 16¼¼±â ¸£³×»ó½º´Â °íÀüÀ¸·ÎÀÇ È¸±Í¸¦ Ç¥¹æÇßÁö¸¸ ½ÇÀº Åë»óÀûÀÎ ½ºÄݶóÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ Áö½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ innovativeÇÑ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ, Àι®ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ´ëºÎºÐ Á¦µµ±Ç ¹ÛÀÇ Àλçµé-->±×µéÀº ´ëÇÐÀÇ ¹Û¿¡¼ the ¡®academy'¸¦ â¼³(´ç½Ã ½Å¼¼°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åä·ÐÀ» ÇÏ´ø India House, the House of Trade µî)--> Royal support¸¦ ¹ÞÀ½
- ±â¼º Áö½ÄÁ¦µµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µµÀüÀº 17¼¼±â °úÇÐÇõ¸í±â new philosophyÀÎ science ±× ÀÚüÀÇ ³»¿ëÀû Ãø¸é¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ý-->À̵éÀº Royal Society(·±´ø1660; Æĸ®1666)ÀÇ ¼³¸³, ¼ÒÀ§ ¡®scientific societies'ÀÇ ÃâÇö-->À§·ÎºÎÅÍ, ¹ØÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Áö½Ä±â°üÀÌ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÃâÇö
- 18¼¼±â °è¸ùÁÖÀǽôë´Â Á¦µµÀû Ãø¸é¿¡¼ º» Áö½Ä»çÀÇ ±âÁ¡: i) ´ëÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ µµÀüÃâÇö(ºñÁî´Ï½º¸ÇÀ» À§ÇÑ ºñÀüÅëÀû Ä¿¸®Å§·³), ii) research instituteÀÇ ÃâÇö(from curiosity to research), iii) °æÁ¦-»çȸ-Á¤Ä¡ °³Çõ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿Í ¿¬°ü(public sphere¿¡¼ÀÇ Åä·Ð)
- ºñ±³»ç·Ê: À̽½¶÷ÀÇ madrasas
o Áö½ÄÀÇ °ø°£Àû ÀüÆÄ - ¡®ÁöÁöÇÐ(ò¢ò±ùÊ, geo-knowledge),¡¯ ¶Ç´Â Áö½ÄÁú¼ÀÇ °üÁ¡
- micro-level¿¡¼ ÆľǵǴ Áö½ÄÀÇ Áö¸®ÇÐ(seats of knowledge): ¼öµµ¿ø, ´ëÇÐ, µµ¼°ü, º´¿ø vs. ½ÇÇè½Ç, ¿¬±¸¼Ò, ȶû, ¼Á¡, ÇغνÇ, Ä«Æä
- macro-level: long-distance networksÀÇ Çãºê·Î¼ÀÇ µµ½ÃÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ, À¯·´À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºñÀ¯·´Áö¿ªÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ÀüÆÄ(Á߽ɰú ÁÖº¯)
- Áö½ÄÀÇ ÁýÁßÈ(Ä¿¹Â´ÏÄÉÀ̼ǰú bookÀÇ ¹ß´Þ¿¡ ±â¹Ý)´Â ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ (À¯·´ ³») ±¹Á¦Àû °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÎ ¡®the Republic of Letters'¿¡¼ÀÇ ÁöÀû ±³·ùÀÇ È°¼ºÈ¸¦ ÅëÇؼ ¹ß»ý, À¯·´°ú ·¯½Ã¾Æ, À¯·´°ú ÀϺ»(16¼¼±â the centre of a periphery-->³ª°¡»çÅ° õóÓö, 17¼¼±â ³ÇÐ)
- À¯·´ÀÇ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼µµ ¸®½ºº», Seville, º£´Ï½º, ¾ÈÆ®¿öÇÁ, ¾Ï½ºÅ׸£´ã(¼ÀεµHouse, µ¿ÀεµHouse)°ú °°Àº Ç×±¸ µîÀ» ÅëÇؼ Áö½ÄÀ» ¼öÀÔ
- ·±´ø, ·Î¸¶, Æĸ®¿Í °°Àº capitals of knowledgeµµ Á¤º¸Çãºê·Î¼ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒ - µµ½Ã ±× ÀÚü°¡ Á¤º¸ÀÇ ¿øõÀ̱⵵(cf. µµ½Ã»çȸÇÐ)
- µµ¼°üÀÇ Áö¸®Çеµ Áß¿ä (¼ÀûÀÇ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©, Á¤º¸¼ºñ½º), Áö½ÄÀÇ Ã¼°èÈ ¶Ç´Â Áö½Ä ó¸®(processing knowledge)ÀÇ Á߿伺 ºÎ»ó(compiling, checking, editing, translating, commenting, critizing, synthesizing µî), µµ½Ã¸¦ ¹è°æÀ¸·Î ÇÑ Á¤º¸ÀÇ Áö½ÄÈ °úÁ¤(collaboration ¶Ç´Â Áý´ÜÀûÀÎ ÀÛ¾÷ÀÇ ÇüÅ·ΠÁøÇà), book distribution networkÀÇ Çãºê·Î¼ÀÇ ±Ù´ë À¯·´ µµ½Ã
- '¹Ì½Ä ÁöÁöÇÐ'°ú '°Å½Ã ÁöÁöÇÐ'ÀÇ link·Î¼ÀÇ linguistic minorities-->±×¸®½ºÀÎ, ½½¶óºêÀÎ µîÀÇ ¹ø¿ª ÀÛ¾÷-->ºñÀ¯·´ ¾ð¾îÀÇ »çÀü ÆíÂù
o Áö½ÄÀÇ ÀηùÇÐ - Áö½ÄÀÇ ÀüÅë°ú ºÐ·ù/¹üÁÖ ¹× »çȸÀû ¸Æ¶ô (ÀηùÇÐÀº Àΰ£À» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î)
- »õ·Î¿î Áö½ÄÀ» ÀüÅëÀû ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ¿÷¿¡ ´ãÀ¸·Á´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ¿÷(ºÐ·ùü°è)ÀÇ º¯È¯ ¹ß»ý --> the texonomy of knowledgeÀÇ °í°íÇÐ. Áö½ÄÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ºÐ·ùÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡?
- Áö½ÄÀÇ ºÐ·ù´Â ¡®ºÐ¾ß(field)'ÀÇ ºÐ·ù¿Í ¹ÐÁ¢È÷ ¿¬°ü-->16¼¼±âÀÇ Áö½ÄÀÇ ¼öÇüµµ-->Á¡Â÷ Áö½ÄÀÇ tree°¡ Áö½ÄÀÇ systemÀ¸·Î ´ëüµÊ-->¸£³×»ó½º¿Í °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ ½Ã±â »çÀÌ¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ ¡¯remapping knowledge'¿Í ¡®reshaping institutions'ÀÇ °æÇâ-->Ä¿¸®Å§·³, µµ¼°ü, ¹é°ú»çÀüÀÇ º¯È¿¡ ¹Ý¿µµÊ
- Ä¿¸®Å§·³/±³°ú°úÁ¤: an order or system of 'disciplines,' 15¼¼±â Áß¹ÝÀÇ Ä¿¸®Å§·³Àº »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î uniformÇÑ ÇüÅÂ(3+4+3): trivium(ß²ùÊ: ¹®¹ýgrammar, ³í¸®logic, ¼ö»çÇÐrhetoric) + quadrivium(ÞÌùÊ: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music) + theology, law, medicine --> ÀÌ´Â Á¡Á¡ »õ·Î¿î ºÐ¾ß(¿ª»ç, ÈÇÐ)¿Í °áÇÕ-->17¼¼±â ¸», 18¼¼±â ÃÊ¿¡ Ä¿¸®Å§·³ÀÇ À籸¼º ¹ß»ý-->Áö¸®ÇÐ, ÀÚ¿¬Ã¶ÇÐ, Á¤Ä¡ÇÐ, Á¤Ä¡°æÁ¦ÇÐ µîÀÌ Ãß°¡
- µµ¼°üÀÇ ºÐ·ùü°è º¯È´Â Áö½ÄÀÇ °í°íÇÐÀû À¯»ê --> 17¼¼±â ÃÊ¿¡´Â arts, theology, law, medicineÀÇ 4ºÐ¹ý, Âü°í¹®ÇåÀÇ ±¸¼º¹æ½Ä, ÀúÀÚº°, ÁÖÁ¦º° --> ´ëÇÐÀÇ º¯È¿Í ¼ÀûÀÇ Áõ°¡ µîÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇؼ º¯È ¹ß»ý --> µµ¼°üÀÇ ºÐ·ùÇÐÀ» À§ÇØ librarianÀÎ µ¿½Ã¿¡ philosophersÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä, cf. miscellaneous ¶ó´Â ¹üÁÖÀÇ ÀǹÌ--> ¹Ú¹°°üÀÇ ºÐ·ù
- ¹é°ú»çÀü: Áö½Ä°ü°ú ¼¼°è°üÀ» ¹Ý¿µ, 16¼¼±âÀÇ ¹é°ú»çÀüÀº ÁÖÁ¦º°·Î ±¸¼º, ºÐ¾ßº°·Î ±â·ÏµÈ ºñ¸Á·Ï(commonplaces) --> ÀμâÀÇ ¹ß¸í¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀ½ --> 17¼¼±â¸»¿¡ À̸£·¯ ¾ËÆĺª¼øÀÇ ºÐ·ùü°è
- ¼ýÀÚ(figures) ¶Ç´Â Åë°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½ÉÀÇ Áõ´ë, impersonal ¶Ç´Â impartialÇÑ Áö½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½É°ú ¿¬°á --> 18¼¼±â useful knowledge¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¸Áß ½ÃÀÛ, ex) ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½º º£ÀÌÄÁ, learningÀÇ Áöµµ¸¦ ´Ù½Ã ±×¸®·Á´Â intellectual ÄÝ·³ºÎ½º --> ÀüÅëÀÇ Àü¼ö°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ÁöÀû Çõ½ÅÀÌ ´ëÇÐÀÇ ÀÓ¹«¶ó´Â ÀǽÄ--> contribution to knowledge°¡ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ü³ä
cf. IT¸¦ È°¿ëÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÇ µðÁöÅÐÈ¿Í ºÐ·ùü°èÀÇ º¯È?
o Áö½Ä±¸Á¶ÀÇ º¯µ¿°ú ±Ù´ë Áö½Ä±¹°¡ÀÇ ºÎ»ó
- ±³È¸ ¶Ç´Â ±¹°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á¤º¸ÀÇ collection, storage, retrieval, ¶Ç´Â suppressionÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ÇÐ --> Áö½Ä±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀÇ´Â ´ë¿ÜÁ¤Ã¥°ú espionage, census-taking, Á¦±¹ÀÇ information order, surveillance state, ½Ä¹Î±¹°¡¿Í Áö½Ä(Àεµ) µî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇüÅ·ΠÁøÇà
- ±Ù´ë Ãʱ⿡ À̸£·¯ ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀÌ°í ü°èÈµÈ Á¤º¸ÀÇ ¼öÁý, ÀúÀå°ú À¯·´ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÀÏ»óÀû °úÁ¤ÀÌ µÊ--> º£¹öÀÇ °ü·áÁ¦(the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge), ½ºÆäÀÎÀÇ Çʸ³2¼¼(the king of paper)-->paper state·Î¼ÀÇ Áö½Ä±¹°¡-->1600³â°æºÎÅÍ À¯·´ÀÌ Áß±¹À̳ª ¿ÀÅ丸Á¦±¹¿¡ ´ëÇؼ Áö½Ä±¹°¡ÀûÀÎ Ãø¸éÀÌ ¾Õ¼°¡±â ½ÃÀÛ
- Ãʱâ À¯·´ÀÇ Áö½Ä °ü·áÁ¦´Â papal bureaucracy¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÊ, ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ °è±ÞÀÇ literacy¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶Á¡(¶óƾ¾î, ¼º°æ)-->Á¾±³°³Çõ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëÀÀ°úÁ¤¿¡¼ ±³È°¡ Åë°è/¼¾¼½º¸¦ È°¿ë-->inquisitionÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î Áö½Ä¼öÁý
- ´ë¿ÜÁ¤Ã¥, ¿Ü±³¿Í Á¤º¸¼öÁý, »óÁֿܱ³»çÀý, ex) º£´Ï½º°øȱ¹, secret service
- Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ(Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥, ½ºÆäÀÎ, ³×´ú¶õµå, ÇÁ¶û½º, ¿µ±¹)¿Í Á¤º¸¼öÁý, ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ Àç»ó Äݺ£¸£ÀÇ µ¿ÀεµÈ¸»ç ¼³¸³-->½Ä¹ÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¿Í Áö½Ä ÃàÀû--> "intellectual empire"
- acquiring information for the purpose of control--> police state·Î¼ÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾Æ »ç·Ê--> ±¹³» ½ºÆÄÀÌ¿Í Á¤º¸¿ø
- ±¹°¡ Áöµµ(map), ÅëÄ¡ÀÇ ¼ö»êÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ cartography, cf. ±èÁ¤È£¿Í ´ëµ¿¿©Áöµµ
- quantitative information À¸·Î¼ÀÇ Åë°è, Ãâ»ý, °áÈ¥, »ç¸Á Åë°è, national census(for taxing), Domesday Book(ÅäÁö´ëÀå). cf. ³ëµ¿Åë°è
- 17¼¼±â ÃÊ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ¹®¼º¸°ü¼Ò(archives)-->¿¬±¸ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ̶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â ÇàÁ¤ÀÇ ¸ñÀû-->Áï secrets of stateÀÇ ÀϺÎ-->Á¤º¸ÀÇ µ¶Á¡ vs. ±Ç·ÂÀÇ µ¶Á¡
- ±³È¸ÀÇ censorship: ±Ý¼¸ñ·ÏÀÌ ´ëÇ¥Àû »ç·Ê --> ÃâÆǹ°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¹°¡ÀÇ °Ë¿ -->ºñ¹Ð À¯Áö¸¦ À§ÇÑ codeÀÇ »ç¿ë
- Á¤Ä¡Àû ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ Á¤º¸ÀÇ À¯Æ÷, È«º¸, ¼±Àü
cf. Á¤º¸È½Ã´ëÀÇ public diplomacy
o Áö½Ä°æÁ¦¿Í ÁöÀûÀç»ê±Ç
- »õ·Î¿î Áö½ÄÀÌ °æÁ¦¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâ--> Áö½Ä/Á¤º¸ÀÇ »ó¾÷È, Àç»êÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ Áö½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü³ä--> °í´ë¿¡±îÁö °Å½½·¯ ¿Ã¶ó°¡Áö¸¸ ±¸Ã¼ÈµÇ±â´Â Áß¼¼ ¸»¿±°ú ±Ù´ë Ãʱâ--> Áö½Ä°ú ½ÃÀåÀÇ ¿¬°è´Â 17-18¼¼±â ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ÁøÇà
- printÀÇ µîÀåÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇؼ ÁöÀûÀç»ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ (collectivist ŵµ¿¡ ºñÇؼ) individualist ŵµ°¡ µæ¼¼--> ±× ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â common property to a social group(±æµå, Á¤ºÎ), ±×·¸Áö¸¸ ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ common to everyoneÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ô--> ½Å¹®ÀÇ µîÀåÀº Á¤Ä¡Á¤º¸ÀÇ »óÇ°È »ç·Ê
- »ê¾÷½ºÆÄÀÌ, ±â¼úÀÚcraftsmenÀÇ ¿µÀÔ
- trade routes=paper routes, trade flows=information flows--> commercial ½ºÆÄÀÌ--> ³×´ú¶õµåÀÇ µ¿ÀεµÈ¸»ç--> ±× ¼º°øÀº È¿À²ÀûÀÎ Ä¿¹Â´ÏÄÉÀÌ¼Ç ³×Æ®¿öÅ© ´öÅÃ, Á¤±âÀûÀÎ ¹®¼º¸°í
- 15¼¼±â ¸»-17¼¼±â ÃÊ Áõ±Ç°Å·¡¼Ò(bourses)ÀÇ ¼³¸³--> ±× ¼Ó¼º»ó Á¤º¸¿¡ ¹Î°¨ --> ÇØ»óº¸Çè ºñÁî´Ï½ºµµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÇ »ç·Ê
- printÀÇ µîÀå°ú Áö½ÄÀÇ ÆǸÅ--> ¼ÀûÀÇ ÃâÆÇÀÌ ºñÁî´Ï½º--> 16¼¼±â º£´Ï½º, 17¼¼±â ¾Ï½ºÅ׸£´ã, 18¼¼±â ¿µ±¹ÀÌ Áß½ÉÁö-->ÃâÆǾ÷ÀÚµéÀÇ ÁÖµµ·Î ÀúÀ۱ǹý °ü·Ã ¹ýÁ¦È(¿µ±¹ 1709. ÇÁ¶û½º 1791)
cf. ¹Ì±¹ 1790, µ¶ÀÏ 1871
- 17¼¼±â subscription¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÐ Àú³ÎÀÇ ÃâÆÇ ½ÃÀÛ
- 18¼¼±â reference booksÀÇ µîÀå: »çÀü(17-18¼¼±â). bibliography, ¹é°ú»çÀü
- ÀÌÀÍÀ» ³²±â±â À§ÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÇ »ý»ê°ú 18¼¼±â ¡®¼ÒºñÀÚ»çȸ¡¯ÀÇ µµ·¡
cf. Á¤º¸È½Ã´ëÀÇ ÁöÀûÀç»ê±Ç°ú Á¤º¸°øÀ¯¿îµ¿
o Áö½Ä ¼ÒºñÀÚÀÇ Á¤º¸Á¢±Ù, Áö½Ä½Àµæ, Áö½ÄÈ°¿ë
- ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â Á¦ÇÑµÈ ¼ýÀÚÀÇ µ¶ÀÚ¸¸ÀÌ subscription¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÐ Áö½Ä¿¡ÀÇ Á¢±ÙÀÌ °¡´ÉÇßÀ½--> ´ëµµ½ÃÀÇ µµ¼°ü¿¡ÀÇ Á¤º¸Á¢±Ù, cf. ITÀÎÇÁ¶ó¿Í µðÁöÅаÝÂ÷ --> 17¼¼±â Áß¹Ý °ø°øµµ¼°üÀÇ È®Àå, ´ëÁß°¿¬, ¹Ú¹°°ü
- Á¤±â°£Ç๰: Ã¥º¸´Ùµµ Áö½ÄÀ» ³Î¸® ÀüÆĽÃÅ´, µ¶ÀÚ¿¡°Ô Á» ´õ friendly
- note-taking(±× ¹æ¹ýÀ» 16¼¼±â Çб³¿¡¼ °¡¸£Ä§), ÅؽºÆ®¿¡ Áٱ߱â
- »õ·Î¿î 'Ã¥Àбâ(reading)' ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ºÎ»ó: extensive reading(browsing, skimming, consulting)-->18¼¼±â µ¶ÀÏ¿¡¼ reading revolution(intensive readingÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ extensive readingÀ¸·Î)-->ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ extensive readingÀº reference bookÀÇ µîÀå¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ ÃËÁøµÊ--> reference bookÀº from-cover-to-cover·Î Àд åÀº ¾Æ´Ô-->ÃâÆǾ÷Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇؼ Àå․ÀýÀ» ³ª´©°í ¸ñÂ÷¿Í index ¹× ÁÖ¼®(maginalia)À» ºÙÀÌ´Â ±â¹ýÀÌ ÃâÇö --> Ç¥¿Í ±×¸², ´ÙÀ̾î±×·¥
- encyclopaedic principle(ÁÖÁ¦º°) vs. dictionary principle(¾ËÆĺª¼ø) --> ¾ËÆĺª¼øÀº 11¼¼±â¿¡ ÃâÇöÇÏ¿© 17¼¼±â¿¡ º¸ÆíÈ --> ¾ËÆĺª¼øÀÌ ºü¸£°í È¿À²ÀûÀÎ Á¤º¸°Ë»öÀ» °¡´ÉÄÉ ÇÔ--> ±×·¯³ª ¸Å¿ì õõÈ÷ ÀüÅëü°è(intensive readerµé¿¡°Ô À¯¸®)¸¦ ´ëü
cf. Á¤º¸Ã³¸®ÀÇ ³í¸®Àû ±â¹Ý vs. Á¤º¸Ã³¸®ÀÇ ¹°¸®Àû ±â¹Ý
- ¸ùÅ×´ºÀÇ 16¼¼±âÇü reading vs. ¸ùÅ×½ºÅ°¿ÜÀÇ 18¼¼±âÇü reading,
cf. ¾Æ³¯·Î±× Ã¥Àбâ vs. µðÁöÅРåÀбâ, ±×¸®°í ÀÎÅͳÝ
o trusting and distrusting knowledge
- ±Ù´ë ÃʱâÀÇ Æ¯Â¡ ÁßÀÇ Çϳª´Â Áö½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¸ÀÇ·ÐÀÇ ºÎ»ó --> high philosophical ȸÀÇ·Ð(Àý´ëÀû ȸÀÇ·Ð, Pyrrhonism) vs. ÀÏ»óÀûÀÌ°í practicalÇÑ È¸ÀÇ·Ð(½Ç¿ëÀû ȸÀÇ·Ð, printÀÇ º¸±Þ, Á¤º¸ÀÇ Æø¹ßÀÌ ¿µÇâ)
- ¼ÒÀ§ ¡®Áö½ÄÀÇ À§±â¡¯ ¶Ç´Â intellectual crisis¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µÎ °¡Áö Çعý: a) ±âÇÏÇÐÀû ¹æ¹ý - µ¥Ä«¸£Æ®, ¶óÀÌÇÁ´ÏÃ÷(alphabet of thoughts), b) Empiricism - Vico, ½ÇÇè¹æ¹ý(Bacon, Boyle)
- °¢ÁÖfootnoteÀÇ µîÀå-->±Í³³¹ýinductionÀÇ µîÀå°ú °ü·Ã--> µ¶ÀÚµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý evidence¸¦ ã°Å³ª further information À» À§ÇÑ °¡À̵带 Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ÀÇ¹Ì --> "the return to the sources"
- Áö½Ä»çȸÇаú °æ½Å¼º(Ìîãáàõ, credulity)